Approach to Urban Metabolism of Almassora Municipality, Spain, As a Tool for Creating a Sustainable City

[EN] Achieving sustainable growth is a priority in the Europe 2020 Strategy. For this purpose, the 20-20-20 objective was adopted: reduce greenhouse gas emissions 20%, increase the percentage of renewable energy sources by 20% and improve energy efficiency 20%. In order to achieve this, the focus must be placed on cities. That is why the Community Funds Regulations establish the obligation to dedicate at least 5% of European Regional Development Fund resources toward measures for integrated and sustainable urban development. The Operational Program of Sustainable Growth 2014¿2020, intends to support cities¿ initiatives for changes towards an economy with low carbon emissions, to increase the use of renewable energy sources, to modernize our transport sector and to promote energy efficiency. A metabolic approach to the urban phenomenon tries to understand the city as a complex system that incorporates and transforms materials, water and energy, to ensure the different functions performed by the city, whether social, environmental or economic. The knowledge of a city¿s urban metabolism provides a powerful tool for analysis, planning and management, moving towards the goal of sustainability. Our research aims to model the city¿s urban metabolism in Almassora (Valencian community, Spain) and to demonstrate its usefulness as a methodological proposal for integrating this framework into the process of developing a strategy towards a sustainable city. The current metabolic profile of the city was generated calculating CO2 emissions and energy consumption for different urban forms of the city. This model gives us a tool to better understand city functioning in terms of urban metabolism, from the transformation of resources (input) and the efficiency of the different urban functions of the city, until waste generation (output). This paper offers a first reflection about how an urban metabolism approach can be useful as a planning tool to design strategies to reach sustainability.López Chofre, I.; Gielen, E.; Palencia Jiménez, JS. (2018). Approach to Urban Metabolism of Almassora Municipality, Spain, As a Tool for Creating a Sustainable City. WIT Transactions on the Built Environment (Online). 179:209-219. https://doi.org/10.2495/UG180201S20921917

Management synergies: Water resources and flooding

[EN] The fifth report of the European Commission, COM (2019) 95final, on the implementation of the Water Framework Directive (Second River basin Management Plans 2000/60/EU and First Flood Risk Management Plans 2007/60/EU), in order to coordinate the authorities involved and exploit synergies, recommends that Spain considers flooding within the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy. The operation of dams on the territory of the Community is proposed by Spain in the EU Guidance document No. 24 ¿River basin Management in a Changing Climate¿ (TR-2009-040) as a measure of resilience to water scarcity, accentuated by climate change. Optimal management of water resources in catchments and their surroundings ensures the different uses of water: ecological (protected areas and population supply), agricultural, industrial and recreational, as well as flood safety of people and property. Land use planning that includes areas of temporary flooding during high precipitations, run-off or overflow can contribute significantly to improve the operation of reservoirs. In this article, we analyse the flood areas of different types of watersheds, based on real cases, defined by a variety of geo-morphologies downstream of the dam (channels, gullies and flat-bottomed troughs, flood plains) and by current anthropogenic uses occupying the territory. The results are analysed with reference to their potential for synergy with the operation of the upstream water reservoir. Key trends shown are proposed to be translated into coefficients of reduction in environmental and socioeconomic damages within the model of spillways simulation.Vicente-Torres, M.; Palencia-Jiménez, J.; Gielen, E. (2020). Management synergies: Water resources and flooding. International Journal of Environmental Impacts (Online). 3(4):314-323. https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V3-N4-314-324S3143233

Relationships between urban form and mobility: gender and mode of transport

With the growth of urban areas, cities are the centres of the great challenges of our society. Urban form influences the metabolism of cities in multiple ways and mobility is one of them. Depending on the type of urban fabric, population, and activities located in them, travel needs and modes of transport differences appear. As population is diverse, this relationship between urban form and mobility probably have significant gender gaps that should be investigated. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the correlation between the type of urban fabric and people’s mobility patterns, looking for significant gender differences in the number of trips and the mode of transport. Data were collected from the survey done for the Mobility Plan of the Metropolitan Area of Valencia and cadastral information. For statistical analysis, the PSPP program and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used. This paper demonstrates significant differences in relation to gender and modes of transport. Women use more sustainable modes of transport, especially in dense and compact cities. Urban sprawl increases mobility, especially trips using private motorised modes. On the contrary, more sustainable modes, like by foot, on bike, or using public transport, are used in compact cities. Looking for sustainable mobility, women and density are key aspects which land planners must take into account when designing cities

Minimization of the territorial impact of housing on non-developable land in areas affected by flood hazard

The occupation of rural land by dwellings, mainly secondaries and in most cases irregulars, has been a widespread practice in Spain, and in particular in the Comunitat Valenciana. The current regulations on spatial and urban planning and landscape want to provide a solution through special procedures to solve many environmental and urban problems posed by houses built on rural land outside of planning. One of the conflicts that arise with the new regulations is how to manage the minimization of the territorial impact of these homes affected by a floodplain area, in which the owners are required to adopt measures to reduce vulnerability and self-protection for existing buildings, considering the urban planning regulations of the Territorial Action Plan on flood risk prevention in the Comunitat Valenciana (PATRICOVA), whose application began in 2003. In this article, the first thing analyzed is the dimension of the problem using geographic information systems to overlay cartographies and the studies of the procedures and standards involved. Then, a reflection on how to articulate both norms to suppress the conflicts that seem to exist is presented

Cost assessment of urban sprawl on municipal services using hierarchical regression

[EN] In Europe, especially in the Valencian Community, Spain, the growth of cities in the last few decades has brought with it a major paradigm change, shifting from a compact to a sprawling urban model. Although it is known about its important environmental, social, and economic effects, there is no clear and unequivocal measurement of the impact of urban sprawl on municipal spending. The impact of the sprawling city on public finances and on the cost of local public services is clearly one of the conditioning factors that should be assessed when making urban development decisions. Based on a measurement of the sprawling city, our aim is to calculate the effect of urban sprawl on the local administration's expenditure and particularly on the cost of basic public municipal services. These are obtained through a statistical model with cost functions that can assess the increase in spending prompted by urban sprawl for municipal current expenditure. The proposed model is novel in the field of urban planning and is based on a Bayesian hierarchical model with the ability to include modeling constraints among the expenditures variables and handle missing values accurately. With this paper, we show that urban sprawl has a significant and positive effect on the unit cost of local public services, which results in an inefficient urban growth model from the economic point of view. The effect is not transferred homogeneously to the budget. There are spending items that are more sensitive to urban sprawl like expenditure on security and public transportation and community wellbeing, which primarily covers waste collection, elimination, and treatment; sanitation, and water supply and distribution; road cleaning; and public lighting.Gielen, E.; Riutort-Mayol, G.; Miralles García, JL.; Palencia-Jiménez, J. (2021). Cost assessment of urban sprawl on municipal services using hierarchical regression. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science (Online). 48(2):280-297. https://doi.org/10.1177/2399808319869345S280297482Benito, B., Bastida, F., & Guillamón, M.-D. (2010). Urban Sprawl and the Cost of Public Services: An Evaluation of Spanish Local Governments. Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government, 8(3), 245-264. doi:10.4335/8.3.245-264(2010)Brooks, S., Gelman, A., Jones, G., & Meng, X.-L. (Eds.). (2011). Handbook of Markov Chain Monte Carlo. doi:10.1201/b10905Brueckner, J. K. (2001). Urban Sprawl: Lessons from Urban Economics. Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs, 2001(1), 65-97. doi:10.1353/urb.2001.0003Burchell, R. W., & Mukherji, S. (2003). Conventional Development Versus Managed Growth: The Costs of Sprawl. American Journal of Public Health, 93(9), 1534-1540. doi:10.2105/ajph.93.9.1534Carruthers, J. I., & Ulfarsson, G. F. (2003). Urban Sprawl and the Cost of Public Services. 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On the Relationship between Authority Size and the Costs of Providing Local Services: Lessons for the Design of Intergovernmental Transfers in Spain. Public Finance Review, 33(3), 343-384. doi:10.1177/1091142104272708Speir, C., & Stephenson, K. (2002). Does Sprawl Cost Us All?:Isolating the Effects of Housing Patterns on Public Water and Sewer Costs. Journal of the American Planning Association, 68(1), 56-70. doi:10.1080/0194436020897719

Urban sprawl and citizen participation. A case study in the municipality of La Pobla de Vallbona (Valencia)

[EN] The accelerated urban growth of the last decades in Europe has caused, especially in the Spanish Mediterranean coast, a paradigm shift in much cities, moving from a mostly compact urban form to a more diffuse one. The concept of city has changed so much that even in a lot of dispersed municipalities, it becomes difficult to define its limits. This change implies not only ecological and economic impacts, but also, social effects. Urban sprawl makes difficult social interaction and reduces the community feeling, and therefore, social cohesion and identity. This produces also changes in the relations of citizens between them and with the city council. The research propounds a discussion about the challenges that the urban sprawl causes for the application of participative models in the decision making, understanding them as basic criterion of good government. We analyze a case study to extract the complexity of articulating processes of citizen participation in territory with high dispersion based on a project carried out in the municipality of La Pobla de Vallbona (Valencia) on participatory budgets. It analyzes the results of the process carried out in relation to the urban model, the morphology of their urban pieces and spatial structure, and the demographic and social characteristics of the municipality. The question is identifying the problematic for the articulation of participative processes in territories with this idiosyncrasy. Finally, the article suggests a series of strategic lines as starting points to achieve participatory processes in the city characterized by urban sprawl.Gielen, E.; Pérez Alonso, Y.; Palencia Jiménez, JS.; Sosa Espinosa, A. (2018). Urban sprawl and citizen participation. A case study in the municipality of La Pobla de Vallbona (Valencia). En 24th ISUF International Conference. Book of Papers. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 443-452. https://doi.org/10.4995/ISUF2017.2017.6154OCS44345

Landslide risk management analysis on expansive residential areas - case study of La Marina (Alicante, Spain)

[EN] Urban expansion is a phenomenon that has been observed since the mid-20th century in more developed regions. One aspect of it is the urban development of holiday resorts with second homes that generally appeared following world political stabilisation. This residential expansion has often happened with scarce control, especially in its early stages, allowing areas to be occupied that are not so suitable in terms of the environment, culture and landscape, not to mention the very geological risks of flooding, earthquakes and landslides. Indeed, the risk of landslides for buildings occupying land in zones at such risk is not a matter solely attributable to the geomorphological characteristics of the land itself, nor is it simply a question of chance; it is also due to its management of such land, generally because of a lack of specific regulations. This study aims to lay down objective criteria to find how suitable a specific local entity's risk management is by looking at the evolution of its urban development procedures. It also aims to determine what causes the incidence of landslide risk (geomorphology, chance, land management, etc.) and finally to suggest control tools for the public bodies tasked with monitoring such matters.Authors acknowledge funding from Department of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaCantarino-Martí, I.; Carrión Carmona, MÁ.; Palencia-Jiménez, J.; Martínez Ibáñez, V. (2021). Landslide risk management analysis on expansive residential areas - case study of La Marina (Alicante, Spain). 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Assessing residential building values in Spain for risk analyses – application to the landslide hazard in the Autonomous Community of Valencia

© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.This paper proposes a method of valuing the stock of residential buildings in Spain as the first step in assessing possible damage caused to them by natural hazards. For the purposes of the study we had access to the SIOSE (the Spanish Land Use and Cover Information System), a highresolution land-use model, as well as to a report on the financial valuations of this type of building throughout Spain. Using dasymetric disaggregation processes and GIS techniques we developed a geolocalized method of obtaining this information, which was the exposure variable in the general risk assessment formula. Then, with the application over a hazard map, the risk value can be easily obtained. An example of its application is given in a case study that assesses the risk of a landslide in the entire 23 200 km2 of the Valencia Autonomous Community (NUT2), the results of which are analysed by municipal areas (LAU2) for the years 2005 and 2009.The authors are grateful to the BBVA Foundation and to Carlos Albert and Ezequiel Uriel, the authors of the report on the Spanish housing stock, for making available to them original data from their report. The translation of this paper was funded by the University Polytechnic of Valencia (Spain). The authors also acknowledge valuable comments received from the anonymous reviewers.Cantarino Martí, I.; Torrijo, F.; Palencia Jiménez, JS.; Gielen, E. (2014). Assessing residential building values in Spain for risk analyses – application to the landslide hazard in the Autonomous Community of Valencia. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. (14):3015-3030. doi:10.5194/nhess-14-3015-2014S3015303014Alexander, D.: Natural Disasters. 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El aprendizaje lúdico como estrategia didáctica: El territorio en Juego

[EN] The game learning as a didactic strategy in matters of Urban and Regional Planning is the challenge of the Project of Innovation and Educational Improvement (PIME) "The territory in play". The project intend to build a teaching-learning environment that encourages students to create their own knowledge and experience, through the design of a board game. The proposal is designed to alleviate the weaknesses and threats detected, strengthen the strengths and take advantage of the possibilities of the didactic play resource, to improve learning, apply knowledge, reflect on the territory and motivate students. The results of the first phase of the PIME are presented here, in which using a methodology based on implicative and reflexive techniques, three commercialized games are tested. The games tested propose extreme situatins: absolutely cooperative, absolutely competitive, with collaboration being a commercial instrument and sustainability a principle that is little contemplated or nullified. However, each provide elements and that, properly combined into the very model of game playing techniques interesting, may be useful for improving learning and therefore the results of students of Urban and Regional Planning, ultimate end of PIME that is presented here.[ES] El aprendizaje lúdico como estrategia didáctica en materias de Ordenación del Territorio y Urbanismo es el reto del Proyecto de Innovación y Mejora Educativa (PIME) “El territorio en juego”. Se pretende construir un entorno de enseñanza-aprendizaje que estimule al alumnado a crear su propio conocimiento y experiencia, a través del diseño de un juego de mesa. La propuesta está diseñada para paliar las debilidades y amenazas detectadas, potenciar las fortalezas y aprovechar las posibilidades del recurso lúdico didáctico, para mejorar el aprendizaje, aplicar conocimientos, reflexionar sobre el territorio y motivar al alumnado. Se presentan aquí los resultados de la primera fase del PIME, en la cual utilizando una metodología basada en técnicas implicativas y reflexivas, se testean tres juegos comercializados. Los juegos testeados nos sitúan ante situaciones que se posicionan en los extremos: absolutamente cooperativo-absolutamente competitivo, siendo la colaboración un instrumento comercial y la sostenibilidad un principio escasamente contemplado o anulado. Sin embargo, cada uno de ellos proporcionan elementos y técnicas de juego interesantes que, adecuadamente combinados en el modelo propio de juego, pueden ser útiles para mejorar el aprendizaje y por tanto los resultados de los alumnos de Urbanismo y Ordenación del Territorio, fin ultimo del PIME que aquí se presenta.Sosa Espinosa, A.; Gielen, E.; Palencia Jiménez, JS.; Pérez Alonso, Y.; Moreno Navarro, M.; Temes Córdovez, RR.; Miralles García, J.... (2018). El aprendizaje lúdico como estrategia didáctica: El territorio en Juego. En IN-RED 2018. IV Congreso Nacional de Innovación Educativa y Docencia en Red. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 1493-1503. https://doi.org/10.4995/INRED2018.2018.8876OCS1493150

La Comarca: un instrumento lúdico para el aprendizaje y un proyecto transversal multiescuela en la Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)

[ES] Esta comunicación es el resultado de un Proyecto de Innovación y Mejora Educativa (PIME), financiado por el Vicerrectorado de Estudios, Calidad y Acreditación de la Universitat Politècnica de València, y por la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Caminos, Canales y Puertos. El objetivo del PIME que se presenta en esta comunicación es encontrar un nuevo recurso educativo para resolver problemas de motivación y aprendizaje en la enseñanza universitaria relacionada con la disciplina del Urbanismo y la Ordenación del Territorio. El uso del juego permite motivar y enseñar, y bajo esta premisa, se propone la creación de un juego de estrategia de cooperación-oposición, La Comarca, diseñado como un sencillo tablero representando el territorio, dividido en cuatro municipios, en el que cuatro alcaldías interactúan y trabajan para conseguir un territorio bien organizado. En esta comunicación se describe el proceso de construcción del juego, desde su idea hasta su producción, pasando por el proceso de diseño, fruto de un proyecto transversal entre dos escuelas de la Universitat Politècnica de València (Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Caminos, Canales y Puertos y la Facultad de Bellas Artes) y los principales resultados obtenidos tras dicha experiencia.[EN] This communication is the result of an Educational Innovation and Improvement Project (PIME), financed by the Vicerrectorado de Estudios, Calidad y Acreditación of Universitat Politècnica de València, and by the School of Civil Engineering. The objective of the PIME presented in this communication is to find a new educational resource to solve motivation and learning problems in university education related to the discipline of Urbanism and Territorial Planning.The use of the game allows to motivate and teach, and under this premise, it is proposed the creation of a strategy game of cooperation-opposition, La Comarca, designed as a simple board representing the territory, divided into four municipalities, in which four mayors interact and work to achieve a well-organized territory. This communication describes the construction process of the game, from its idea to its production, including the design process, which is the result of a transversal project between two schools of the Universitat Politècnica de València (Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Caminos, Canales y Puertos and the Facultad de Bellas Artes) and the main results obtained from this experience. The first results show that the game created constitutes a useful didactic resource, allowing to present in a simple way many of the basic concepts of the discipline, so that the students work and assimilate complex concepts successfully, in a different and motivating teacher-student context.Gielen, E.; Sosa Espinosa, A.; Palencia Jiménez, JS.; Pérez Alonso, Y.; Moreno Navarro, MS.; Temes Córdovez, RR.; Miralles García, JL.... (2021). La Comarca: un instrumento lúdico para el aprendizaje y un proyecto transversal multiescuela en la Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV). En IN-RED 2020: VI Congreso de Innovación Educativa y Docencia en Red. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 421-437. https://doi.org/10.4995/INRED2020.2020.12031OCS42143